3D Laser Scanning for Structural Renovations
Structural renovations fail at the details - a column that poured 14 mm off-axis, an anchor bolt cast 8 mm out of pattern, a fabricated transfer beam with a mis-drilled bolt circle. Our 3D laser scanning services and deliverables exist to surface those problems before the crane is running and the clock is billing. This article walks through exactly how we do it - instruments, workflows, tolerances, and real numbers.
Why Structural Renovations Live or Die on Accurate As-Built Geometry
The baseline assumption on most renovation projects - that the construction drawings reflect what was actually built - is wrong more often than owners and GCs want to admit. Columns shift during form pour. Steel erectors work to ±1/4” tolerances, which is code-compliant but cumulative across a frame. Concrete shrinks and creeps after the forms strip. The result is a structure that may be sound but dimensionally different from the permitted drawings by enough to cause downstream fabrication failures.
Dimensional conflicts between design intent and actual field conditions account for a large share of RFIs on renovation and adaptive-reuse projects. When new steel needs to connect to an existing concrete frame, or a modular addition has to mate with a building erected in 1987, that dimensional drift stops being a paperwork problem and becomes a fabrication problem.
Consider a scenario common on concrete office building retrofits: a transfer beam fabricated for a mechanical level arrives on site and the bolt holes won’t align. The existing embed plates - cast into a poured-in-place concrete core - are 18 mm off design in the transverse direction. The options at that point are all bad: core drill the concrete (structural engineer sign-off required, section weakened), weld a custom plate (re-engineering cost, re-inspection), or re-fab the beam (extended lead, crane standby through the delay). The total remediation cost in cases like this routinely exceeds the original scan budget by a factor of eight or more.
3D laser scanning captures the full structural envelope - every column face, every embed plate, every slab surface - to ±2-3 mm absolute accuracy in a single mobilization, before design finalizes, before fabrication begins, before a drop of new concrete is poured.
For a broader look at how this fits into the renovation documentation process, see our guide to existing conditions documentation for renovation projects.
How 3D Laser Scanning Works on a Structural Renovation Site
The Instruments We Bring
Two instrument types appear on most of our structural renovation projects, and the choice between them - or the combination - depends on scope.
The Trimble X7 is our primary instrument for high-precision structural work. It self-levels to within 5 arc-seconds, acquires up to 1 million points per second, and delivers <2 mm accuracy at 10 m. On a site where we need to measure embed plates, base plates, and column geometry to fabrication-level tolerances, that self-leveling feature matters: setup time drops to under 2 minutes per station, which lets us run more stations without inflating the schedule.
For corridor-heavy or vertically complex renovation scans - stair cores, mechanical shafts, tight interiors - we add handheld scanning capability, including the Creaform MetraSCAN, which covers enclosed and detailed geometry efficiently using its onboard tracking. We merge handheld capture into the registered static dataset in post. For parts, detailed inspection, or reverse-engineering work, the handheld scanner’s close-range precision is particularly well suited.
Setup Strategy and Scan Density
For structural column surveys, we position scan stations at 6-8 m spacing along column lines. That inter-station distance keeps point density on column faces above 6 mm/10 m, which is sufficient to resolve a 3 mm positional error in the extracted centerline. At connection zones - bolt groups, embed plates, base plates - we tighten spacing and run dedicated close-range scans to push point density above 2 mm/10 m for sub-2 mm feature resolution.
Registration Workflow
For high-precision steel work, we use target-based registration: HDS paper targets or spherical targets placed at three or more known positions per setup. Target residuals in the registered dataset run ±1.5-2.5 mm globally - that number is reported in our QC document and signed off before the point cloud ships. For larger-area sweeps where fabrication-level precision isn’t required, cloud-to-cloud registration in Autodesk ReCap Pro achieves ±3-5 mm global accuracy with faster field setup.
Working Around Active Construction
Structural renovation sites are never clean. We regularly scan through partial demolition exposing original framing, around temporary shoring, and adjacent to live loads. Access windows get planned with the GC superintendent - typically early morning before trades are in, or scheduled around concrete pours. The scan crew carries its own safety gear and signs into the site safety plan. A messy site is not a reason to delay a scan; it’s precisely when the geometry information is most valuable.
The registered output at this stage is an .RCP file ready for direct import into Revit, Navisworks, or Tekla Structures. For a deeper explanation of how registration accuracy is verified and documented, see our post on point cloud registration explained.
Column Plumb & Structural Deviation Analysis: What the Numbers Mean
AISC 303-22 Cl. 7.13.1 sets the plumb tolerance for columns at H/500 per story, with a maximum of 25 mm. On a poured-in-place concrete building from the 1970s or 1980s, it is not uncommon to find columns that were acceptable under the construction standards of the era but fall outside modern tolerances when a new steel superstructure is being attached to them.
The Workflow
We extract each column centerline from the dense point cloud by fitting a geometric primitive - cylinder for round HSS or pipe columns, rectangular prism for W-shapes or concrete columns - to the point data using CloudCompare or Trimble RealWorks. That centerline is then compared to the design axis from the structural drawings, or to a best-fit grid derived from the scan itself when drawings are unavailable. The comparison outputs a color-coded deviation map:
| Deviation Range | Map Color | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 0 - 3 mm (within AISC H/500) | Green | No action required |
| 3 - 6 mm (1/4” warning band) | Amber | Engineer reviews - shimming or geometry adjustment may be needed |
| 6 - 12 mm (1/2” band) | Orange | Connection geometry adjustment required before fabrication |
| >12 mm | Red | Structural engineer evaluation required; possible remediation |
What These Numbers Mean in Practice
On concrete frame renovations, scan-derived deviation maps routinely surface corner columns that are out of plumb at the beam-to-column connection elevation - within the original construction tolerance of their era, but misaligned for new steel bracket geometry designed assuming plumb columns. When that happens, the structural engineer can adjust bracket seat geometry in the shop model before fabrication begins. That adjustment is straightforward in Tekla or similar detailing software when it happens in the office. Had those brackets been fabricated to the design drawings and shipped without deviation data, the site correction would have required custom-welded shim packs, a re-inspection, and at minimum two days of delayed erection with the crane standing by.
Floor Slab Flatness and Bearing Area Analysis
The same scan pass that captures column geometry delivers FF/FL flatness numbers across the slab surface. FF (flatness) and FL (levelness) values per ASTM E1155/E1155M are extracted directly from the point cloud surface model - no floor profilometer required. The threshold varies by application: a high-density storage rack installation typically requires FF 35/FL 25 minimum; robotic or AGV-based warehouse floors commonly push to higher thresholds; general equipment pads are usually FF 25/FL 20.
On industrial facilities being prepared for heavy pallet-rack installation, an FF/FL survey can identify areas running below the manufacturer’s specified threshold - findings that allow the concrete contractor to grind and patch before rack install begins, avoiding the far higher cost of post-installation remediation (rack removal, grinding, reinstall).
Where a new steel superstructure bears on an existing concrete column, the deviation map identifies bearing area mismatch: if the top of an existing concrete column cap is 6 mm low on one corner, we quantify the shim pack required before steel ships. That calculation happens in the office, not on the crane pad.
Embed Plate & Anchor Bolt Verification After Concrete Pour
This is the highest-stakes scan we perform on a structural renovation project. Anchor bolts cast into concrete cannot be moved. Once the concrete is cured, the bolt is where it is. If it is out of position when the steel arrives, the options are short and expensive: core drill a new hole (structural engineer must sign off, weakens the section), fabricate a custom hole-elongation plate (re-engineering cost plus delay), or field-weld a slotted plate (code compliance issues, inspection required).
Scanning Protocol
We perform the anchor bolt scan within 24-48 hours of concrete cure - before formwork is fully stripped if possible, so any issues can be flagged while the crew is still on site. We increase scan density at embed locations: station spacing drops to 3-4 m around bolt groups, and we shoot a dedicated close-range scan from directly above each bolt group with the Trimble X7 at reduced range to push positional accuracy to ±1-2 mm in X, Y, and Z.
Traditional Survey vs. Laser Scan
| Method | Speed | Crew | 3D Dataset | Revisit Needed | Permanent Record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total station (1-bolt-at-a-time) | ~1 bolt/min | 2-person crew | No - XY only | Often yes | Manual notes |
| Laser scan (full slab) | Full 20,000 SF slab in 45 min | 1 technician | Yes - full 3D | No | Full point cloud |
The 45-minute figure is for a 20,000 SF pour with 12 bolt groups at standard 6-8 m station spacing. Larger pours scale approximately linearly - a 60,000 SF slab runs 2-2.5 hours. Beyond speed, the scan delivers a permanent visual record of the bolt pattern in context - surrounding formwork, rebar penetrations, slab edges - that a total station survey cannot replicate.
Tolerance Check and Fabricator Feedback
AISC 303-22 Section 7.5.1 specifies two distinct tolerances: ±1/8” (3 mm) between anchor rods within a group, and ±1/4” (6 mm) between adjacent anchor rod groups. The scan flags every bolt outside the applicable envelope with an exact offset vector - X delta, Y delta, Z delta - expressed in the same coordinate system as the structural drawings. That vector goes directly to the fabricator, who can elongate the corresponding base-plate hole in CAD before the plate is cut. A 1-hour CAD fix in the shop versus a 2-day field problem with a crane running.
For prefab and modular connections, each node is checked against the module’s IFC model - positional error reported per connection point, not per bolt group. See how we extend this workflow in scanning prefab modules for fit verification before shipment.
Deliverable Format
The bolt survey report is a spreadsheet: one row per bolt, columns for Bolt ID, Design X, Design Y, Design Z, Actual X, Actual Y, Actual Z, Delta X, Delta Y, Delta Z, and Pass/Fail against the applicable AISC tolerance. Attached to the spreadsheet is an annotated point cloud view with bolts color-coded by pass/fail status. Turnaround: 1-2 business days after field scan.
Scanning Steel Fabrication Errors Before the Steel Leaves the Shop
The most underutilized application in our structural toolkit: scan fabricated steel assemblies on the shop floor, compare the scan to the Tekla or SDS/2 shop model, and issue a deviation report before the truck backs up to the loading dock.
What Gets Caught - and Against What Standard
The Trimble X7 on a rolling cart covers a fabricated truss or moment frame in 15-30 minutes. The scan-vs-model comparison is written against the applicable tolerance standard for the element type:
- Bolt hole placement: AISC 303-22 Cl. 6.4.2 specifies bolt hole position tolerance of ±1.5 mm from nominal for standard holes in connection material. We flag any hole group where the pattern centroid deviates beyond that envelope.
- Beam camber: AISC Chapter M allows mill camber up to a specified limit based on span length. We measure actual camber from the scan centerline and report the delta against the applicable limit for the beam in question.
- Weld distortion: AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code - Steel sets angular distortion limits for groove and fillet welds. Post-weld scans of connection plates and flanges detect out-of-plane distortion that will cause bolt binding or bearing misalignment in the field.
- Cope cuts and block-outs: Dimensional check against the Tekla shop model - cope depth, radius, and clearance to the adjacent flange.
The Economics
| Error Caught… | Typical Cost to Correct |
|---|---|
| In the shop (scan finds it before shipping) | $500 - $2,000 (rework labor, no travel) |
| On site during erection (crane standing by) | $5,000 - $15,000 |
| After erection (steel is up, connections won’t close) | $15,000 - $50,000+ (re-fab, re-erect, schedule delay) |
A shop scan costs $500-$2,000 per assembly. On complex assemblies - long-span trusses, transfer beams, moment frames - the scan is added as a hold point in the QC plan between final weld/paint inspection and shipping. The scan report is issued to the engineer of record the same day and becomes part of the project QC record.
Scan-to-BIM for Structural Renovation: LOD, Tolerances & What Gets Modeled
LOD Definitions for Structural Work
| LOD | What’s Modeled | Positional Accuracy | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| LOD 200 | Approximate size, location, generic type | ±25 mm | Feasibility, schematic coordination |
| LOD 300 | Exact profile, centerline, splice elevations, openings | ±6 mm | Construction documents, clash detection |
| LOD 350 | Connections modeled: bolt holes, shear tabs, weld access | ±6 mm + connection geometry | Fabricator-ready BIM, direct steel detailing |
LOD 200 in practice: At ±25 mm positional accuracy, LOD 200 is sufficient for column grid verification before schematic structural sizing. On a feasibility study for a multi-bay industrial building addition, the owner needs to confirm that the existing column grid holds a consistent bay assumption before the structural engineer commits to a beam sizing scheme. A LOD 200 scan-to-BIM delivers column centerline positions within the ±25 mm LOD 200 envelope - precise enough to confirm bay widths to the nearest inch. That’s what LOD 200 buys: enough geometric truth to validate schematic assumptions without paying for connection-level detail you don’t need yet. What it does NOT deliver: reliable clash detection (the ±25 mm tolerance will produce both false positives and false negatives against MEP routing), or fabrication-usable geometry.
LOD 300 is the standard for construction-document-phase structural models. It captures columns (W-shape or HSS profile, centerline, splice elevation), beams (profile, top-of-steel elevation, camber), bracing (HSS size, end condition), and slabs (top surface, opening locations, edge-of-slab). What it does NOT include: rebar layout, internal post-tensioning tendons, or weld quality - those require coring, GPR, or visual inspection.
LOD 350 is warranted when the fabricator will use the BIM directly for detailing. We model bolt holes, shear tab geometry, and weld access cutouts at LOD 350. For a deeper breakdown of when each level is appropriate, see LOD 200 vs LOD 300 in scan-to-BIM projects.
The Three-Tolerance Problem
This is where renovation structural BIM goes wrong most often: teams assume that every 3 mm deviation in the point cloud is a real clash. It isn’t.
| Tolerance Layer | Value | What It Means |
|---|---|---|
| Scan / point cloud accuracy | ±2-3 mm | Instrument measurement uncertainty |
| LOD 300 modeling tolerance | ±6 mm | How precisely the Revit element is placed to the cloud |
| AISC erection tolerance (beam elevation) | ±3 mm to ±10 mm depending on element | How precisely the steel will actually be erected |
A 4 mm discrepancy between a scan-derived column centerline and a new beam framing model is within LOD 300 modeling tolerance and within AISC erection tolerance. It is not a clash. Setting Navisworks clash detection at 3 mm on a renovation project produces hundreds of false positives that bury the real issues. We set structural clash tolerances based on the combined stack of all three layers - typically 10-12 mm for structural-to-structural, tighter for structural-to-MEP clearance checks. For more on setting up clash detection correctly against a point cloud background, see clash detection tolerances and settings in scan-to-BIM.
Software Stack
ReCap Pro for point cloud processing and visualization → Revit Structure for as-built BIM modeling → Navisworks Manage for clash detection against incoming MEP and architectural models. For Tekla-based steel detailing workflows, we export to .E57 or link directly via Trimble Connect.
Structural Damage Assessment: Using Point Clouds to Quantify Distress
Point clouds are not only for as-built documentation. After a fire, seismic event, vehicle impact, or long-term settlement, a scan gives the structural engineer a precise, permanent record of distorted geometry - geometry that doesn’t move or degrade the way photographic evidence does.
Concrete Spall Mapping (Post-Fire)
We scan the damaged surface with the Trimble X7 and difference the current scan against either the design geometry or a pre-damage baseline scan. Surface recession is calculated per panel - output in square inches of affected area and cubic inches of material loss. On a post-fire parking structure, a scan can identify spalled surface area across precast double-tee panels with average recession depth quantified to the tenth of an inch. That figure feeds directly into the repair specification: the structural engineer uses the volume-per-panel output to size shotcrete repair quantities and prioritize which panels require full flange replacement versus surface patching. Without the scan, that same assessment would require a crew with rulers and clipboards spending days on scaffolding - and producing a far less complete geometric record.
Column Drift Measurement (Post-Seismic)
We measure column centerlines at multiple elevations using the Trimble X7, compare to plumb, and express drift as a ratio (H/XX). For structures where ongoing movement is suspected - active settlement, post-seismic aftershock sequences, or staged demolition loads - we establish a monitoring baseline and return at 48-72 hour intervals. The delta between scan epochs is evaluated against instrument noise (±2-3 mm); displacement larger than that threshold is statistically significant movement, not measurement error.
This approach directly displaces traditional physical monitoring instruments for geometric drift: tiltmeters and inclinometers measure angular change at a single point but require permanent installation, wiring, and data logger infrastructure. MEMS accelerometers capture dynamic response but not static offset accumulation. A scan captures the full 3D geometry of every column in the survey area simultaneously - no installation, no calibration drift, no sensor mortality. For a post-seismic reconnaissance where the building owner needs a rapid damage state assessment before re-occupancy, the scan often replaces a week of sensor installation with a single day of field work.
Foundation Settlement Monitoring
We scan the slab surface, fit a best-fit plane to the full dataset in ReCap Pro or CloudCompare, and produce a color-coded sag map with 5 mm settlement contours. On slabs exhibiting differential settlement, multi-epoch scans can track which areas are moving, at what rate, and by how much - information that directly informs underpinning prioritization and the geotechnical engineer’s remediation sequence.
These workflows are covered in detail in our posts on 3D laser scanning for building restoration after disasters and structural damage scanning applications.
Typical Project Timeline, Mobilization & Cost Ranges
Field Benchmarks
| Scope | Field Scan Time | Registration & QC | LOD 200 BIM | LOD 300 BIM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single-story steel frame, 10,000 SF | 4-6 hours | 1 day | 3-5 business days | 5-7 business days |
| Multi-story concrete frame, 50,000 SF, 5 floors | 2-3 days | 2-3 days | 5-7 business days | 7-10 business days |
| Anchor bolt survey only, single pour | 2-4 hours | Same day | N/A | 1-2 business days |
| Fab shop QA scan, single assembly | 15-30 min | Same day | N/A | Same day |
Mobilization for most urban structural renovation scans is 1-2 days including instrument prep, target layout, and safety coordination with the GC. We carry our own PPE and can sign into any site safety plan. Rural or remote sites add 0.5-1 day for travel.
Cost Ranges (US Market, 2025)
| Deliverable | Typical Cost Range |
|---|---|
| Field scan only (day rate) | $1,500 - $6,000/day |
| Scan + registered point cloud (.RCP) | $3,000 - $10,000 |
| Anchor bolt survey report | $2,500 - $5,000 |
| Fab shop QA scan per assembly | $500 - $2,000 |
| Scan + LOD 300 structural BIM | $8,000 - $30,000+ |
| Scan + LOD 350 structural BIM (connections) | $15,000 - $45,000+ |
Cost drivers: number of scan stations, travel distance, access constraints (elevated steel, confined space, hazmat environments), BIM complexity, and turnaround urgency. Rush turnarounds - 48-hour point cloud delivery, 3-day LOD 300 model - carry a 25-40% premium with advance planning. For a full breakdown of what drives cost on scanning projects, see our post on 3D laser scanning cost, and for a guide to what you receive at project close, see what to expect in laser scanning file deliverables.
Choosing the Right Deliverable for Your Structural Renovation Scope
Not every structural renovation needs a full LOD 350 BIM. The right deliverable depends on what decision you need to make and when you need to make it.
| Scenario | Right Deliverable | Turnaround | Cost Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schematic design / feasibility | Registered .RCP + basic floor plans/sections | 3-5 business days | $3,000 - $8,000 |
| Construction documents | LOD 300 Revit model | 7-10 business days | $10,000 - $30,000+ |
| Anchor bolt / embed verification only | Bolt survey spreadsheet + annotated cloud | 1-2 business days | $2,500 - $5,000 |
| Fabrication shop QA | Scan-vs-model deviation report | Same day | $500 - $2,000 per assembly |
File Format Compatibility
| Format | Compatible With | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| .RCP / .RCS | Revit, Navisworks, AutoCAD | Autodesk ecosystem |
| .E57 | Tekla Structures, Trimble Connect | Steel detailing workflows |
| .LAZ | Any GIS/point cloud viewer | Long-term archival |
| .DWG (point cloud underlay) | AutoCAD | 2D production drawing reference |
For guidance on which format to specify on your contract, see specifying your laser scanning deliverable format. For a step-by-step explanation of how the point cloud becomes a Revit model, see our scan-to-BIM services page.
FAQ
How accurate is 3D laser scanning for structural surveys?
The Trimble X7 achieves ±2-3 mm absolute accuracy at typical inter-station distances of 10-15 m - a published specification of the instrument. The LOD 300 Revit model built from that cloud carries ±6 mm positional tolerance, meaning an element may be placed up to 6 mm from its true position. Both numbers sit well within AISC erection tolerances (±3 mm to ±10 mm depending on element type). The most common accuracy risk on structural scans is dark or highly reflective surfaces: painted steel, glass curtain wall, polished concrete. We mitigate this with retro-reflective targets placed at regular intervals, which give the registration algorithm high-confidence anchor points independent of surrounding surface quality.
Can laser scanning detect if a column is out of plumb?
Yes - column plumb verification is one of the most common structural applications. The workflow: extract the column centerline from the dense point cloud by fitting a geometric primitive to the point data in CloudCompare or Trimble RealWorks, then compare that centerline to the design axis. Deviations as small as 3-5 mm are measurable with confidence at standard scan densities. The output is a color-coded deviation map against the AISC 303-22 Cl. 7.13.1 H/500 plumb tolerance (25 mm maximum per story). The structural engineer reviews the map and decides whether to adjust new connection geometry, size shim packs, or flag columns for remediation - with a documented basis for any geometry modifications before fabrication begins.
How does scanning catch anchor bolt problems before steel erection?
The scan is performed within 24-48 hours of concrete cure. Each bolt’s XYZ position is extracted from the point cloud and compared against the structural drawings. AISC 303-22 Section 7.5.1 specifies ±1/8” (3 mm) between anchor rods within a group and ±1/4” (6 mm) between adjacent anchor rod groups. Any bolt outside the applicable envelope gets flagged with an exact offset vector. That vector goes to the fabricator, who can elongate or shift the corresponding base-plate hole in CAD before the plate is cut - a 1-hour fix in the shop. Without the scan, that same error surfaces during erection when the base plate won’t seat: field delay with a crane running, possible structural engineer involvement, and a custom welded solution that still needs inspection. The scan dataset also becomes a permanent record in the project file, which matters for future renovation phases and warranty documentation.
What LOD should I specify for a structural scan-to-BIM on a renovation project?
LOD 300 is the standard for construction-document-phase structural models - profile, centerline, splice elevations, and opening locations to ±6 mm positional accuracy, sufficient for full coordination and clash detection against new MEP and architectural work. LOD 350 adds modeled connections (bolt holes, shear tabs, weld access cutouts) and is warranted when the fabricator will use the BIM directly for shop detailing rather than separate fabrication drawings. LOD 200 is appropriate for schematic-phase coordination where the structural engineer needs to verify dimensional assumptions - column grid positions to ±25 mm, bay widths to the nearest inch - before committing to a structural scheme. See LOD 200 vs LOD 300 in scan-to-BIM projects for a full breakdown with examples.
Is it worth scanning steel in the fabrication shop before shipping to site?
The ROI math is straightforward. A shop scan costs $500-$2,000 per assembly. Catching a mis-drilled bolt group (against the AISC 303-22 Cl. 6.4.2 ±1.5 mm hole placement tolerance) or out-of-spec camber in the shop avoids $5,000-$50,000 in field costs - crane standby, re-fabrication, expedited shipping, schedule impact. For a complex transfer beam or long-span truss where field correction is not practical, the shop scan is risk management, not a luxury. We add the scan as a hold point in the fabricator’s QC plan, between final weld/paint inspection and loading. The deviation report is issued to the engineer of record the same day and goes into the shop’s QC record package.
How long does a structural laser scan take, and how quickly can I get the BIM model?
A 10,000 SF single-story steel frame scans in 4-6 hours; a 5-story, 50,000 SF concrete frame takes 2-3 days in the field, accounting for access coordination and safety windows. Point cloud registration and QC adds 1 office day per field day. After the registered point cloud is complete: LOD 200 Revit model in 3-5 business days; LOD 300 structural model in 5-10 business days depending on complexity. The anchor bolt survey report - often the most time-sensitive deliverable - turns around in 1-2 business days after the field scan. Rush timelines are available with advance notice and carry a 25-40% premium.
Ready to Lock In Your Structural Geometry Before Fabrication Starts?
If the column is 14 mm off-axis, the embed plates are 18 mm out of pattern, or the slab is 8 mm below bearing elevation, we find it before it becomes a crane-day problem. We are based in the New York metro area and travel nationwide; our Trimble X7 and handheld scanning tools deliver registered point clouds within 24-48 hours of field completion.
Tell us your floor count, square footage, and target deliverable - column plumb survey, anchor bolt verification, LOD 300 BIM, or fab shop QA scan. We turn around a fixed-fee proposal the same business day.